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Perception

Proximity principle

A Gestalt principle: we see things as a group or a category if they are close to one another. 

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A Gestalt principle: we see things as a group or a category if they are close to one another. 

Graphic designers use the Proximity principle when they group related items together. We see the 25 dots on the left as a single group. But on the right the same 25 dots can be seen as five rows. 

25 dots arranged as a single group, then in five rows.

Here’s a practical example. It’s a graphic from the Washington Post showing how spending on defence has changed in different countries. From the second row on, the country names are closer to the graph for the country above. You have to make a real effort to drag yourself away from the closest graph to the one below.

The solution is simple: more space (Proximity principle), and a horizontal rule that fences each group off (Closure principle).

How this helps
Group related things on your page. So captions need to be next to pictures, and headings need to be glued to their following text, not appearing to float away.
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